Vibration acceleration through whole body vibration has been reported to promote fracture healing. The posterior half of the ramus to the level of inferior dental foramen B. Endochondral ossification is a process where bone replaces cartilage. Chondroblasts. Epiphyses fill with spongy bone: – cartilage within the joint cavity is articulation cartilage – cartilage at the metaphysis is epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate) Endochondral Ossification Bone Growth: Endochondral Bone Growth: Endochondral 1) A cartilage model is produced by chondrocytes It is surrounded by perichondrium, a membrane 2) A bone “collar” is produced by osteocytes The perichondrium of the diaphysis is now termed periosteum 3) Chondrocytes hypertrophy (enlarge) and cartilage is calcified 4) A primary ossification center forms Blood vessels and … The skeletal system is composed of cartilage and bone and functions as a structural framework for the body, facilitating movement and protecting internal organs. the developing ramus. 1.7 Coordinate System. This occurs via a cartilaginous precursor. Endochondral ossification: Bone formation begins in the interior of the cartilage precursor. Module 6.7: Endochondral ossification. Step 2. However, the mechanism responsible for this effect remains unclear. ... bones that originate as hyaline cartilage • Most bones originate as hyaline cartilage • There are six main steps in endochondral ossification Longitudinal growth of long bones is a tightly regulated process that is driven by hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification of hyaline cartilage .During maturation, the cartilaginous ends of long bones can be divided into three general zones: the resting, proliferative and hypertrophic zone. Key #1 – Osteomalacia (Rickets) #2 – Osteoporosis #3 – intramembranous ossification #4 – endochondral ossification . The cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium in this region then differentiate into osteoblasts. The process of endochondral ossification can be divided into five stages (Figure 14.13). Bone marrow. The cartilage in the region of the epiphyseal plate next to the epiphysis continues to grow by mitosis. Question 70 1 pts For this question, choose the ONE answer that fills in BOTH blanks. Endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is the primary method for bone formation in the body. 7.9 for detailed diagram; also on next several slides Endochondral Ossification (5 Steps) The Primary ossification center is the area where the bone begins to ossify. 23 terms. This study focused on the role of sclerostin in the process of chondrogenic differentiation. Instead, cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone. Blood vessels inside medullary cavity provide nutrients to red marrow that becomes yellow marrow with age. Wnt signaling pathways have multiple roles in the regulation of cartilage development, growth, and maintenance. Presentation Summary : Stages of Endochondral Ossification. 2. Chapter 6 cont’d Bone Development Osteogenesis (ossification) – the process of bone tissue formation, which it gives rise to: 1. Endochondral ossification takes much longer than intramembranous ossification. 1.5 Unit Conversions for Physical Quanitities. Intramembranous ossification All upper limb bones go through endochondral ossification. Notice the uniform distribution of osteocytes as well as the blood vessels in the bone. Formation of hyaline cartilage, via the condensed mesoderm, takes place around week 6. The spectrum of EO failures in MPS is illustrated in Fig. Endochondral Ossification – Step 2

• Blood vessels grow into the perichondrium surrounding the shaft of the cartilage. 7.3 Bone Development Endochondral Ossification Method of osteogenesis (ossification) where bone develops from a hyaline cartilage model Starts around week 6 of fetal development and continues into one’s 20s Most bones develop this way See Fig. Footnote: Heterotopic ossification at the posterior aspect of the right knee joint, there is greater than 1cm in length of the bone island is formed. Mariebs Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb Hoehn Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissue Lecture 13 … Bone also serves as a reservoir for inorganic salts and cells of the immune system. Endochondral ossification involved in natural growth and lengthening of bone. The cartilage in the region of the epiphyseal plate next to the epiphysis continues to grow by mitosis. Ossification - the formation of bone in two distinct ways: Intramembranous ossification - bone development between sheets of embryonic membranes; used in flat bones of skull, in mandible, and clavicle. – Endochondral ossification at the site of the fracture hematoma • Chemical and mechanical factors stimulate callus formation and mineralization . Unlike intramembranous ossification, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Figure 6.8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. When HO develops, new bone grows at three times the normal rate, resulting in jagged, painful joints. Presentation Summary : Intramembranous ossification: development from fibrous membrane Endochondral ossification: development from hyaline cartilage Intramembranous Ossification Forms Biomaterials play an important role in treating bone defects by promoting direct osteogenic healing through intramembranous ossification (IO). 7 terms. Ossification that occurs with the replacement of cartilage with bone. Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification. In a long bone, for example, at about 6 to 8 weeks after conception, some of the mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells) that form the cartilaginous skeletal precursor of the bones ([link]a). Red bone marrow-Provides hemoglobin-contain dividing cells -produce blood cells. Osteoblasts move in and ossify the matrix to form bone. Endochondral ossification forms bone by replacing a cartilage model. Intramembranous ossification involves the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. The formation of the skeleton requires the carefully coordinated interplay of many cell types and a myriad structural, metabolic and regulatory factors. Endochondral The Major Players Osteoblasts – build bone Osteoclasts – break down bone tissue Osteogenic cells – “highly mitotic” bone stem cells in membranes Osteocytes – mature bone cells in lacunae I. Intramembranous Ossification End goal: Production of flat bones of … MIU). Vascularised regions of mesenchymal cells proliferate and differentiate into pre-osteoblasts and then osteoblasts, occurs in parts of the skull and the clavicle. Lower Limb Deformities 1 - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Bio 2050 chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues Bones • Are rigid organs forming the bony framework of the body • Originate 6-* Intramembranous Ossification (8th week – 2 years of development) Takes place in connective tissue membrane formed from embryonic mesenchyme Forms many skull bones, part of mandible, diaphyses of clavicles When remodeled, indistinguishable from endochondral bone. Prenatally a cartilaginous structure develops that will serve as the template for ossification. 7 terms. Ossification is the term use to describe a process of bone fermentation by deposition of calcium in the fetal hyaline cartilage. Endochondral ossification is the process by which the embryonic cartilaginous model of most bones contributes to longitudinal growth and is gradually replaced by bone. PPT Endochondral Bone Formation (Ossification) Stage 3: Osteoblasts, via blood vessels, reach the developing bone & some become hemopoietic cells (bone marrow). Teleost ‘frontal bone’ is a subtype of ‘dermal bone’, and from the ontology we can reason that it participates_in ‘intramembranous ossification’ ( Figure 4b ). The cartilage model allows for growth of the bone and is … •Endochondral Ossification •Cartilage cells die and are replaced by osteoblasts •Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone •This is the primary ossification center •The cartilage in the metaphysis region is invaded by osteoblasts •An increase in bone length and diameter begins Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification. Endochondral Ossification "animation" Endochondral Ossification histology video Epiphyseal Plate histology video Endochondral ossification is the other essential bone creation process during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system. (5 of 5) Figure 6.10 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate. Endochondral ossification is the process by which cartilage is progressively replaced by bone at the epiphyseal growth plates. •Endochondral Ossification •Cartilage cells die and are replaced by osteoblasts •Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone •This is the primary ossification center •The cartilage in the metaphysis region is invaded by osteoblasts •An increase in bone length and diameter begins Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used to evaluate vascularity, marrow, and cartilage and plays a critical role in the assessment of epiphyseal disorders in children. Step 3. Osteoblasts actively replace cartilage with bone on diaphyseal side. In this study, we examined the association of chondrocyte-specific marker expression with media calcification in arterial samples derived from rats with chronic renal … Endochondral ossification involves the formation of cartilage tissue from aggregated mesenchymal cells, and the subsequent replacement of cartilage tissue by bone (Horton 1990). Endochondral ossification C.Joints 1.Synovial 2.Intervertebral IV. Endochondral Ossification. 6-* Intramembranous Ossification (8th week – 2 years of development) Takes place in connective tissue membrane formed from embryonic mesenchyme Forms many skull bones, part of mandible, diaphyses of clavicles When remodeled, indistinguishable from endochondral bone. Bones that form by membranous ossification are not affected, thus allowing the skull vault to … Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is the abnormal growth of bone in the non-skeletal tissues including muscle, tendons or other soft tissue. INTRACARTILAGINOUS OR ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION Source of long and short bones. 3. View Chap 6 Bones PPT 3 from BIOS MISC at University of Nebraska, Lincoln. endochondral ossification follows: Term. During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes proliferate, undergo hypertrophy and die; the cartilage extracellular matrix they con … Endochondral ossification is a complex process, involving a carefully regulated sequence of changes in chondrocyte behaviour coordinated with the actions of blood vessels, osteoclasts and the other cells that they bring with them. Cartilage and Bone VIBS 443/602 Slide 121: compact bone (unstained ground bone) Blood vessel Haversian canal Interstitial system Lacuna Bone (unstained) 425 Bone ... – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 763396-ZGY3M However, majority of the body's bones form via cartilaginous intermediates by endochondral ossification (EO), a process that has not been well mimicked by engineered scaffolds, thus limiting their clinical utility in treating large segmental bone … 6-5 Compare the mechanisms of endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. The tissue replaced in endrochondral ossification is hyaline cartilage. In long bones, this process occurs at the primary and secondary ossification centers separated by the growth plate. There are two distinct types of ossification, intermembranous and endochondral. The skull is a bone structure that forms the head in vertebrates.It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. Definition. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. a cheap essay writer, you Short Essay Intramembranous And Endochondral Ossification have to make sure that you contact a reliable and professional essay writing service like MyPerfectWords.com. However, majority of the body's bones form via cartilaginous intermediates by endochondral ossification (EO), a process that has not been well mimicked by engineered scaffolds, thus limiting their clinical utility in treating large segmental … Chondroblasts. Alpha Phi Alpha Jewels. 4 terms. Types of bone Long bones. And this concludes its free preview. Endochondral Ossification • Bones of the base of the skull, part of the mandible, epiphyses of the clavicles, and most of remaining bones of skeletal system • Cartilage formation begins at end of fourth week of development • Some ossification beginning at … Irregular bones have several distinct secondary. - 6th. Professional account experts are standing by around the clock to answer questions, solve problems and guarantee your 100% satisfaction. View Chapter 6 Skeletal Tissue-Part 2.ppt from BIOLOGY E-65C at Harvard University. It can occur in two ways; through intramembranous or endochondral ossification.. The iliac crest apophyses are normal, giving rise to large, square iliac wings. development of skeletal system.ppt - Development of skeletal system 1 Introduction \u2022 The skeletal system develops from \u2013 paraxial and lateral. Bell stage. Place in order the steps involved in endochondral ossification. 1. Nutrient artery invades the perichondruim 2. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify 4. Secondary ossification centers appear at epiphyses 5. Osteoblasts become active in the primary ossification center. The chondrocytes, in the region next to the diaphysis, age and degenerate. Intermembranous Ossification: This is the less common form of bone formation, being limited primarily to the flat bones of the skull such as the parietal, parts of the temporal, and parts of the maxilla. Presentation Title: Stages Of Endochondral Ossification. Ossification: formation of bone 2 methods: 1. Intramembranous Ossification: Development From Fibrous Membrane Endochondral Ossification: Development From Hyaline 265349 PPT. Intramembranous Ossification • bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues • broad, flat bones • skull bones (except mandible) • intramembranous bones Endochondral Ossification • bones begin as hyaline cartilage • form models for future bones • most bones of the skeleton • endochondral … The exact mechanism of heterotopic ossification in traumatic and neurogenic heterotopic ossification is unknown 17), but 2 common factors precede the formation of heterotopic ossification, the first being … Cartilage and Bone Cartilage--function, types, location Bone Tissue--structure, types Long Bone Structure and Development Most common bone problems The mesenchyme condenses to form the bone outline. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. This occurs in long bones, the vertebrae, and the pelvis. 6-8 weeks: Term. • Is deep to the basal layer and separates the true articular cartilage from the deeper cartilage that is a remnant of the cartilage anlage, which participated in endochondral ossification during longitudinal growth in childhood. Endochondral Ossification "animation" Endochondral Ossification histology video Epiphyseal Plate histology video Endochondral ossification: This is the process of bone formation in which the mesenchymal cells give rise to cartilaginous models first which in turn become ossified and form bone (fig. Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is the abnormal growth of bone in the non-skeletal tissues including muscle, tendons or other soft tissue. Endonchondral ossification differs greatly from intramembranous ossification in that a cartilage template is first formed and this is later replaced with mature lamellar bone. Osteoblasts move in and ossify the matrix to form bone. Introduction. consists of a body & 2 or 3 horns (cornua) anchors tongue, provides attachment for some extrinsic muscles of larynx, & is site of attachment of muscles that aid in swallowing. The chondrocytes, in the region next to the diaphysis, age and degenerate. Repair Figure from Brighton, et al, JBJS-A, 1991. Objective 11 Prenatal Growth & Teeth. Bio 2050 chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues Bones • Are rigid organs forming the bony framework of the body • Originate Purpose: Endochondral ossification, including chondrocyte hypertrophy, extra-cellular matrix degradation and vascular invasion, is an essential process for skeletal development and osteoarthritis development. Download Free PDF. You can view it all now for just $ ( More info... ) I've already paid for this presentation and would like to view it now. The time period of bone formation: Lateral mesoderm condenses around week 5. Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification. What is found in these pits? flat; mesenchymal connective tissue H O long; hyaline cartilage. The vertebrate bony skeleton is formed through two processes, intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification (EO), 1,2 the latter of … ‘Endochondral bone’ has the inferred relationship participates_in ‘endochondral ossification’, a relationship inherited from its parent ‘endochondral element’. Chapter 6 - Bone Formation. Endochondral bone: Any bone that develops in and replaces cartilage. The cartilage is partially or entirely destroyed by the process of calcification. The cartilage is then resorbed (reabsorbed), leaving bone in its place. Many bones are formed this way, particularly the long bones of the arms, legs,... Endochondral Ossification - Endochondral Ossification Most bones form this way! Bone marrow. Bone Tissue Anatomy and Structure. The skull is a bone structure that forms the head in vertebrates.It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. After a cartilaginous framework of a bone is formed, endochondral ossification results in the sequential conversion and resorption of calcified cartilage and its replacement by bone. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Endochondral Ossification! Short bones will usually have just the primary ossification center. Intramembranous Ossification. Author: Julie Doll BSc, MSc • Reviewer: Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD Last reviewed: June 17, 2021 Reading time: 7 minutes Bone formation in a developing embryo begins in mesenchyme and occurs through one of two processes: either endochondral or intramembranous osteogenesis (ossification).Intramembranous ossification is … The PowerPoint PPT presentation: "Endochondral Ossification" is the property of its rightful owner. Definition. Start by examining the diaphysis of the bone which is stained bright red. Title: Lab Practical Study Set Author: Janet Kalinowski Last modified by: Kalinowski,Janet Created Date: 11/1/2010 12:55:42 AM Document … Mechanisms of Failed Endochondral Ossification. Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification. Slide 34: Healing Bone Fracture, H&E zone of chondrocyte hypertrophy chondrocytes are aligned in rows (along axis of growth) and are significantly larger than in preceding zones Lab 7 –Bone Formation and Joints. 2. endochondral ossification step 5-articular cartilage -epiphyseal plate -periosteum grows-compact bone-spongy bone. Cartilage does not become bone. Webslide 0301_A: Finger, fetal, human, H&E [Aperio ImageScope] [Aperio WebScope] Examine the forming bone on the left hand side of the slide. Presentation Summary : The bone is called a cartilage bone. Bones that form by means of endochondral ossification include tubular and flat bones, vertebrae, the skull base, ethmoids, and the ends of the clavicles (1,2). Endochondral Ossification. First, the mesenchymal cells are commited to become cartilage cells. Endochondral ossification: A delicate balance between growth and mineralisation. The spicules of bone are remodeled by … Endochondral Ossification. Download Free PPT. Endochondral ossification is the mechanism responsible for the formation of all long bones of the axial skeleton (vertebrae and ribs) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs). 12-2). Capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses: – creating secondary ossification centers 6. Cartilage enlarges; Chondrocytes die. desmal ossification - (intramembranous ossification) the process of mesenchyme directly ossifying into bone without a pre-existing cartilage template. This video explains the process of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. What is found in these pits? Formation and Growth Bone forms via a process called ossification or osteogenesis As an embryo we all have a loose Module 6.7: Endochondral ossification replaces a cartilage model with bone Endochondral ossification Initial skeleton of embryo formed of hyaline cartilage Cartilage gradually replaced by bone through endochondral (endo-, inside + chondros, cartilage) ossification •Uses cartilage as small model •Bone grows in diameter and length Steps in endochondral ossification (continued) Bone grows in length at the epiphyseal cartilage. ... publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages of Endochondral Ossification cont. Capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses: – creating secondary ossification centers 6. The two processes can occur side by side, and do, in the case of fracture healing and in the development of the the mandible and the clavicle which develop partially from intramembranous ossification and partially from endochondral ossification. Cap stage. Osteocytes. Begins At PPT. Endochondral ossification can be broken into a series of stages. Intramembranous ossification is the process by which mesenchymal tissue is directly replaced by bone without an intermediate cartilage step. 2. Then, the cartilage template is vascularized, followed by recruitment of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and then, the cartilage scaffold gradually replaced with bone. However cartilage bones in living vertebrates actually form in two ways: Perichondral ossification: Bone formation begins at the perichondrium - the membrane surrounding the cartilage precursor. In the process of endochondral ossification, bones are formed from flat; hyaline cartilage. The increased cell density triggers core cells to differentiate to chondrocytes and begin secreting the cartilage matrix. It is also involved in the natural healing of bone fractures. Intramembranous bone development. 9 terms. Epiphyses fill with spongy bone: – cartilage within the joint cavity is articulation cartilage – cartilage at the metaphysis is epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate) Endochondral Ossification Bud stage. Oral histology slides. • Bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plate by a process that is similar to endochondral ossification. Whereas intramembranous ossification involves the condensation of mesenchymal cells at ossification centers, endochondral bones are formed in the presence of cartilaginous blastema. Most of the axial skeleton is derived from cells of the paraxial mesoderm that condense early in embryogenesis on both sides of the neural tube and the notochord. Endochondral Ossification. Intramembranous Ossification. The majority of the mammalian skeleton, except for most of the craniofacial skeleton, forms through the process of endochondral ossification, in which a cartilage template is replaced by bone. Endochondral Ossification. which method of bone formation is referred to as being direct and why? Found in hollow of long bones, produce blood cells. Woven bone and periosteum form. Endochondral Ossification: Step 2 Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage Cells in the perichondrium change to osteoblasts: producing a layer of superficial bone around the shaft which will continue to grow and become compact bone (appositional growth) 84 Endochondral ossification is the other essential bone creation process during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system. Endochondral ossification. The Bone Is Called A Cartilage Bone. Sclerostin is a potent inhibitor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Arterial media calcification is often considered a cell-regulated process resembling intramembranous bone formation, implying a conversion of vascular tissue into a bone-like structure without a cartilage intermediate. Purpose of this study was to determine whether vibration acceleration directly affects cells around the fracture site and promotes endochondral ossification. Presentation Summary : Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling 1. It is rapidly converted to bone by endochondral ossification (14th. Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies. The coronoid cartilage: It is relatively transient growth cartilage center ( 4th. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. Bud stage. Intramembranous 2. “Bone matrix is deposited into the former hyalin cartilage at the diaphyseal end of the epiphyseal plate (metaphysis).

• The perichondrium is now a periosteum and the inner osteogenic layer soon produces a thin layer of bone around the shaft of the … Summary. Endochondral ossification takes much longer than intramembranous ossification. Bones are classified according to their shape (Box 1). Four-week-old female Wistar Hannover rats were divided into … Question 70 1 pts For this question, choose the ONE answer that fills in BOTH blanks. Red marrow appears. It affects about 1 in every 40,000 children. Osteocytes. In endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. 16 terms. The primary centers are located in the diaphysis in long bones (center) Secondary Ossification is located in the epiphysis (ends) of long bones. When HO develops, new bone grows at three times the normal rate, resulting in jagged, painful joints. flat; mesenchymal connective tissue H O long; hyaline cartilage. During endochondral ossification, bone formation is initiated with the development of cartilaginous model followed by its growth. 6-6 Describe the remodeling and homeostatic mechanisms of the skeletal system. Heterotopic ossification causes. Blood cells. Condyle head and neck of the mandible. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Endochondral Ossification: Steps 5 & 6 5. Terms in this set (6) Step 1. 52 terms. • The tidemark divides - the superficial, uncalcified cartilage from the deeper, calcified cartilage Intramembranous ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells into cortical bone without an intervening cartilaginous matrix. how long does it take for endochondral ossification to replace the cartilaginous plug of a fracture? Approximately 10,000 individuals are estimated to have achondroplasia. Endochondral ossification takes much longer than intramembranous ossification. You just clipped your first slide! Endochondral ossification is the normal process that forms all long bones. This is responsible for embryonic bone formation, as well as the growth in length. In the process of endochondral ossification, bones are formed from flat; hyaline cartilage. Step 3. This page contains a list of labeled histology images taken from the dental education program at the University of Oslo. Step 2. blood vessels grow into perichondrium; cells convert to osteoblasts; shaft becomes covered with superficial bone. During endochondral ossification, a cartilage template forms first. All bones that form by endochondral ossification are affected. Blood cells. Osteoprogenitor cells penetrate that area … The clavicle, however, goes through both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The cranial vault (which encloses the brain) bones are formed by intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification is essential for the formation of long bones [bones like femur which are longer than wide] and the ends of flat and irregular bones like ribs, vertebrae. Endochondral ossification is essential for the formation of long bones (bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the femur, or thigh, bone and the humerus - the bone … In contrast, the cranial base and facial bones are produced by the process of endochondral ossification, in which mesenchyme tissue initially produces a hyaline cartilage model of the future bone. … Chondrocytes actively produce more cartilage on epiphyseal side. After this, the primary ossification center is formed where the process of ossification is initiated. The mesenchyme will form bones of the limb. The laryngeal cartilages provide another model of endochondral ossification with gender-specificity, a much slower ossification progression than in bones, and no limitation to the period of skeletal growth (Kimpel et al., 1999; Claassen et al., 2014, 2017). The SOCs enlarge by endochondral ossification and undergo marrow transformation in a process analogous to that of the primary physis and metaphysis. Begins at the 8th week of development – All are flat bones. Lower Limb Deformities 1 - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online.